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Family Life, Text A, Conversation: Chinese Families Are Very Different Now

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2021-9-26 published at HR&Recruiting category

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1.Unit 2 Family Life
2.Text A Conversation: Chinese Families Are Very Different Now.会话：中国家庭今昔巨变
3.Ann has moved into an off-campus apartment, where she has a roommate named Rita. Missing her family in China, Ann takes a look at the family photos in her laptop. Rita, coming back from a party, opens the door.
4.Language Study named Rita 过去分词做定语——过去分词短语作定语通常放在被修饰的词后面，相当于一个定语从句。如：Is there anything planned for tomorrow? 明天有什么活动吗？ laptop: 手提电脑 lap；膝盖比较：desktop （台式电脑）
5.Language Study an off-campus apartment：校外的公寓 campus: 校园，(美)大学分销 on the campus of 在...校园内 Is Berkeley the biggest campus of the University of California?伯克利校区是加利福尼亚大学的最大分校吗? … where she has a roommate named Rita where引导定语从句：关系副词where可代替的先行词是地点的名词，在从句中作状语，相对于介词+which。例如：Beijing is the place where (in which) I was born.　北京是我的出生地。
6.Language Study Missing her family in China…现在分词作原因状语 coming back from a party… 现在分词作伴随状语现在分词（动词-ing）作状语可以表示时间、原因、结果、条件、让步、方式或伴随情况等。 -ing分词短语作原因状语，相当于一个原因状语从句。如：Not knowing his address, I can’t send this book to him. 因为不知道他的地址，我不能把这本书送给他。 ing分词作伴随状语，可以放在句子的前面、后面或中间，表示主语的另一个、较次要的动作。如：Following the old man, the young people started walking slowly. 年轻人跟在老人的后面开始慢慢地走起来。注：-ing分词作状语时，其逻辑主语就是整个句子的主语。
7.Ann has moved into an off-campus apartment, where she has a roommate named Rita. Missing her family in China, Ann takes a look at the family photos in her laptop. Rita, coming back from a party, opens the door. 安搬进了校外的一间公寓，其室友名叫丽塔。安很想念在中国的家人，于是看起了自己手提电脑中家人的照片。丽塔参加一个聚会回来，打开房门。翻译
8.Conversation Rita: Hi, I’m home. Ann: Welcome home, Rita. How was your party? Rita: Terrific! How was your day? Ann: Not bad. But I feel a little bit homesick now, so I’m taking a look at the pictures of my family.
9.Language Study I’m home. 我回来了。 be home: 回家，在家。 Conversation: greeting --How was your party? --Terrific! How was your day? --Not bad.
10.Language Study homesick: adj. 想家的，思乡病的be homesick for one’s country 想念祖国 She 's a little homesick.她有点想家。 n. 思乡病其他表达： carsick 晕车的 airsick 晕机的 seasick 晕船的 lovesick 害相思病的
11.Rita: Hi, I’m home. Ann: Welcome home, Rita. How was your party? Rita: Terrific! How was your day? Ann: Not bad. But I feel a little bit homesick now, so I’m taking a look at the pictures of my family. 丽塔：嗨，我回来了。安：欢迎回家，丽塔。聚会怎样？丽塔：非常好玩。你今天过得怎样？安：还不错。但是我现在有点想家，在看家人的照片。翻译
12.Rita: Can I have a look at the pictures? Ann: By all means. Look, this is a family photo, my father, my mother, my brother and my sister.
13.Language Study Conversation: Asking for permission and responding -- Can I have a look at the pictures? -- By all means. 其他表达：
14.asking for permission Can /May I use your phone? Could you spare me a few minutes? Do you mind if I open the window? Would I read your newspaper for a while? May I borrow your bike/ umbrella/camera…? Are we permitted to take pictures here? Is it okay with you if I hold a party here? Would it be all right if I change the channel?
15.Language Study by all means 无论如何，在这里用作“of course”, “no problem”. 例如： A: May I have one?B: Yes, by all means (of course). means是“方法、手段”，by all means是“必定、一定、无论如何”的意思，可以用来加强语气。比如人家邀请你去吃饭，你就可以说I‘ll come by all means.我一定会来的。
16.Language Study 比较：by no means 绝不例句:You must bring him here by all means.你无论如何要把他带到这里。 This project must be realized by all means. 无论如何都要完成这个项目。I will by no means consent. 我一定不会同意。
17.Rita: Can I have a look at the pictures? Ann: By all means. Look, this is a family photo, my father, my mother, my brother and my sister. 丽塔：我可以看看这些照片吗？安：当然可以。看，这是我的家人，我的父亲、母亲、哥哥和姐姐。翻译
18.Rita: What do your parents do? Ann: My father worked for the government, and my mother was a teacher. They both are retired now.
19.Language Study What do your parents do? what do / does… do?用于询问职业，主语是he/she时用does，其他情况用do。例如： A：Excuse me, can you tell me what you do?请问您的工作是什么？ B: Me? I‘m a cab driver. 您问我吗？我是个出租司机。其他询问职业的方式： Could you tell me what you do for a living? What is your job?
20.Language Study My father worked for the government , and my mother was a teacher. 一般过去时：1）在确定的过去时间里所发生的动作或存在的状态。例句：Where did you go just now?2）表示在过去一段时间内，经常性或习惯性的动作。例句： When I was a child, I often played football in the street. government：n. 政府例句：The government has welcomed the proposal. 政府接受了这项建议. -ment：名词词缀，例如：movement n 运动，agreement n 协议，management n 管理
21.Language Study They both are retired now. 一般现在时，在此表示现在时刻的状态。例句：Monroe writes good English but does not speak well. retired: adj. 退休的 e.g. a retired officer 退役军官 retire: v. 退休例句：They had officially retired ten years previously. 他们在此十年前已正式退休。 both 的用法
22.both的用法和谓语动词连用时，both应放在 be动词、助动词和情态动词之后，行为动词之前。例如： My parents are both doctors．我父母都是医生。 The two sisters can both drive cars．这两位姐妹都能开汽车。 They will both stay here for another day or two．他们俩在这儿将再逗留一两天。注意：在简略回答以及感叹句中， both不能位于句尾，要放在be动词、助动词或情态动词之前。例如： “Are your parents workers？”“Yes， they both are．”“你父母是工人吗？”“是的，他们俩都是工人。” How clever they both are！他们俩多聪明啊！
23.both的用法 both可直接放在名词前作定语。但如果名词前有其它限定词，如the， these，my或two等，则应放在这些词前面，也可以用both of加上这些词。如：可以说both（of）the books，both（of）his hands等。不能说the both books，his both hands等。例如： Both of my parents work in a hospital. (My parents both work in a hospital.) 我父母都在医院工作。 both和代词连用时，应说they both（作主语），both of them（作主语或宾语），them both（作宾语）等形式，不能说 both they或both them等。例如： We must thank both of you．（＝We must thank you both．）我们应该感谢你们俩。 Both of us are from Canada．（＝We are both from Canada．）我们俩都是加拿大人。
24.翻译 Rita: What do your parents do? Ann: My father worked for the government, and my mother was a teacher. They both are retired now. 丽塔：你父母是做什么的？安：我父亲过去在政府部门工作，我母亲是教师。他们现在都退休了。
25.Rita: I heard in China you have the tradition of several generations living under the same roof. Do they live with you? Ann: No. In fact, nowadays not many young people live with their parents, at least in the cities. As long as they can afford, the young would like to have a home of their own after they are married. As to me, my parents and I even don’t live in the same city.
26.Language Study tradition n. 传统；惯例;uphold its old traditions 继承它的古老的传统.It is a tradition that women get married in long white dresses. 妇女结婚时穿白色长礼服，这是传统. traditional adj. 传统的
27.Language Study several generations living under the same roof 几代同堂动词-ing的复合结构：物主代词/人称代词/名词所有格或普通格与动词-ing连用，就构成了复合结构。物主代词或名词所有格等是其逻辑主语。复合结构在句中主要做主语或宾语。例如: Tom’s coming home late worries his mother.汤姆的晚归使他妈妈担心。 The students’ knowing English well will help them to learn French.学生学好了英语对学习法语有帮助。 I would appreciate your calling back this afternoon.你今天下午能回电话的话，我将非常感谢。 Mary insisted on my reading the letter.玛丽坚持要我看信。
28.Language Study in fact: 事实上I think so; in fact, I am quite sure. 我想如此,事实上我相当确定。 nowadays adv. 现在；现今Nowadays children prefer TV to reading.如今儿童们喜欢看电视，不愿意读书.
29.Language Study As long as they can afford as long as：只要，也可以说so long as ，例句：As long as it doesn’t rain we can go. 只要不下雨，我们就可以去。As [So] long as you need me, I’ll stay. 只要你需要我，我就留下。 afford: vt. 常与can/could/be able to连用，表示“买得起;有足够的......(去......)” 例句： I will buy it when I can afford it. 我买得起时再买.I cannot (can ill) afford to waste a single minute. 我连一分钟也不能浪费. As to：prep.相当于with regard to，至于，关于。例句：We are puzzled as to how it happened.
30.Rita: I heard in China you have the tradition of several generations living under the same roof. Do they live with you? Ann: No. In fact, nowadays not many young people live with their parents, at least in the cities. As long as they can afford, the young would like to have a home of their own after they are married. As to me, my parents and I even don’t live in the same city. 丽塔：我听说在中国有几代同堂的传统。你父母是和你同住吗？安：不是。实际上，现在并不是太多年轻人和父母同住，至少在城市中不常见。只要他们能够负担得起，年轻人在结婚后愿意有自己的家。至于我，我的父母和我甚至不在同一个城市。
31.Rita: What about your brother and sister? Ann: My brother lives in the same city with my parents, but in a different apartment with his own family. My sister has been living in London since she got married 10 years ago. Rita: So Chinese families are very different now.
32.Language Study What about…? 可以加名词、代词，动名词。意思是“...怎么样”1.What about sb?What about you?/ What about your mother?2.What about sth?What about the weather in your city?3.What about doing sth? 表示一种建议What about going to the movies?
33.Language Study My sister has been living in London since she got married 10 years ago. has/have been doing sth. 现在完成进行时表示从过去某时开始一直持续到现在的动作，并且还将持续下去。 The Chinese have been making paper for two thousand years. 中国有2000年的造纸历史。（动作还将继续下去）表示在说话时刻之前刚刚结束的动作。 We have been waiting for you for half an hour. 我们已经等你半个钟头了。
34.Language Study 有些现在完成进行时的句子等同于现在完成时的句子。比较：They have been living in this city for ten years. They have lived in this city for ten years. 他们在这个城市已经住了10年了。大多数现在完成进行时的句子不等同于现在完成时的句子。比较： I have been writing a book.（动作还将继续下去）我一直在写一本书。 I have written a book.（动作已经完成）我已经写了一本书。
35.Language Study since：自从……以来，作连词引导时间状语从句，主句一般用现在完成时态。 since的四种用法 1) since +过去一个时间点　(如具体的年、月、日期、钟点、1980, last month, half past six)。例句： I have been here since 1989. 2) since +一段时间+ ago 例句：I have been here since five months ago. 3) since +从句，例句：Great changes have taken place since you left. 4) It is +一段时间+ since从句，例句：It is two years since I became a postgraduate student.
36.Rita: What about your brother and sister? Ann: My brother lives in the same city with my parents, but in a different apartment with his own family. My sister has been living in London since she got married 10 years ago. Rita: So Chinese families are very different now. 丽塔：那你的哥哥和姐姐呢？安：我哥哥和父母住在同一个城市，可他有自己的家。我姐姐自10年前结婚后就一直住在伦敦。丽塔：这么说来，中国的家庭现在已经发生了很大的变化。
37.Ann: Yes, families are getting smaller, and more people choose to live in different places. Rita: It sounds similar to the American families. Ann: People across the world are having a similar lifestyle now. Anyway, this is a global village.
38.Language Study It sounds similar to the American families. It sounds… 听起来…… sound: v. 听起来，不用于进行时，即使谈当前正在发生的事情也不用。而且它跟形容词而不跟副词连用（如look, smell, seem等）。例： I wouldn’t buy that guitar. It sounds a bit cheap. 我可不买那吉他，听起来便宜了点。 You sound depressed. 你说话听起来情绪不高。请注意to sound like这一结构，表示听起来像…，一般后面接名词。 That sounds like Arthur coming upstairs. 听起来好像是阿瑟在上楼。
39.Language Study similar adj. 类似的；相像的 e.g. a similar plan 类似的计划Cats and tigers have similar features.猫和虎有类似的特征. be similar to… 与…… 相似 e.g. A cat is similar to a tiger in many ways.猫在好多方面同虎相像.
40.Language Study People across the world are having a similar lifestyle now. across the world：all over the world lifestyle: n.生活方式 e.g. a healthy lifestyle 健康的生活方式Our lifestyle, education and other systems differ from other places in the region. 本地的生活方式、教育制度等与其他地区有所不同。
41.Language Study Anyway, this is a global village. anyway: adv. 无论如何, 总之, 不管怎样 e.g. It may rain, but we shall go anyway. 也许会下雨,可我们无论如何要去。I don't want to hear your stupid secret anyway! 我根本不想听你那无聊的秘密. global village 地球村 global adj. 世界的，全球的(＝ worldwide) e.g. global travel 全球旅行 global changes 全球性变化.
42.Ann: Yes, families are getting smaller, and more people choose to live in different places. Rita: It sounds similar to the American families. Ann: People across the world are having a similar lifestyle now. Anyway, this is a global village. 安：对，家庭变得更小，而且更多的人选择在不同的地方居住。丽塔：听起来和美国的家庭很像啊。安：现在全世界人的生活方式都很相似了，别忘了，这可是一个地球村。翻译
43.Idiomatic study: greetings Almost all conversations start with a greeting. Expressions: Hello. Hi. Good morning. Good afternoon. Good evening. What's up? What's happening?
44.Idiomatic study: greetings Well Being After the greetings are exchanged, the conversation should be continued in some way. One of the most common ways is asking about the other person’s well being.
45.Expressions How are you? How’s it going? How are things? How are things going? How have you been? How are you doing? How was your day?
46.Responses If Good: Great/ Terrific/ Fantastic… Couldn’t be better. If So-so: Not bad. Just so-so. If Bad: I’ve had better days. Not too good.
47.Text B Gender Roles in American Families: Past and Now 美国家庭的性别角色：过去与现在
48.Language Study gender：性别 e.g. gender identity 性别身份 role：角色，作用 e.g. the leading role主角 play an important role in developing production 在发展生产中起重要作用
49.Para. 1 In the traditional marriage, the man took up a job to earn money for the family. Most men worked in an office, a factory, or some other place away from the home. Since the man earned the money, he paid the bills. The money was used for food, clothes, a house, and other family needs. The man made most of the decisions. He was the boss.
50.Language Study traditional: adj. 传统的 e.g. traditional English breakfast 传统的英式早餐 … the man took up a job to earn money for the family. 一般过去时，表示过去的状态 take up：从事，开始做某事例题 earn money: 赚钱 earn：赚得，赢得 e.g. She earned a reputation as a hard worker. 勤劳的工作使她享有声誉
51.动词不定式作目的状语的用法动词不定式 to earn money表示目的 1、不定式和不定式短语作目的状语　不定式和不定式短语作目的状语，主要用来修饰动词，表示某一动作或状态的目的。为了使目的意义更加清楚或表示强调意义时，还可以在前面加 in order to 或 so as to。例如：　　I've written it down in order not to forget. 　　He shouted and waved so as to be noticed.
52.句子中作谓语动词的状语的不定式或不定式短语，表示的是主语的目的，因此，其逻辑主语通常是句子的主语。比较： To draw maps properly, you need a special pen.(正) To draw maps properly, a special pen is needed.(误)
53.由 in order to 引导的目的状语，既可以置于句尾，也可以置于句首，而由 so as to 引导的目的状语，只能置于句尾，而不能置于句首。比较： They started early in order to get there in time.(正) In order to get there in time, they started early.(正) They started early so as to get there in time.(正) So as to get there in time, they started early.(误)
54.2、不定式的复合结构作目的状语　　当不定式或不定式短语有自己的执行者时，要用不定式的复合结构(即在不定式或不定式短语之前加 for + 名词或宾格代词)作状语。例如：　　He opened the door for the children to come in. 　　She fetched several bottles which she placed on the counter for Harry to inspect.
55.3、目的状语从句与不定式的转换英语中的目的状语从句，还可以变为不定式或不定式短语作状语，从而使句子在结构上得以简化。可分为两种情况：当目的状语从句中的主语与主句中的主语相同时，可以直接简化为不定式或不定式短语作状语。例如： We'll start early in order that/so that we may arrive in time. We'll start early in order to/so as to arrive in time.
56.当目的状语从句中的主语与主句中的主语不相同时，要用动词不定式的复合结构作状语。例如： I came early in order that you might read my report before the meeting. I came early (in order) for you to read my report before the meeting.
57.Language Study away form the home 离开家 away from: 远离 My hometown is 100 miles away from here. 我的家乡离这里有一百英里路。 I live far away from my school. 我住的地方离学校很远。 I was lured away from my study. 我受了诱惑而荒废了学业。
58.Since the man earned the money, he paid the bills. since在此表示原因，意为“既然”，表示对方已知的无需加以说明的原因或事实，语气比because弱，但是比as 强。例如： Since we have no money, we can‘t buy that vase. 既然我们没钱，我们就不能买那花瓶。 Since everybody is here, let's begin our party. 既然大家都到了，那就开始我们的聚会吧！
59.Language Study The money was used for ... be used for (doing) sth. 表示“被用于”，被动语态比较： be used to do sth. 被用于做某事 be used to (doing) sth. 习惯于做某事 used to do sth. 过去经常做某事例句： These balloons are used to decorate the hall. These balloons are used for decorating the hall. The little boy is used to the local foods now. The little boy used to get up at 7 every morning.
60.Language Study The man made most of the decisions. make a decision: 做决定例句：I don‘t want to put pressure on you to make a decision, but we haven’t much time left. 我并不想催你做决定, 只是我们剩下的时间已经不多了 decision-maker n. 决策者 most of vs most: most直接跟名词，如Most boys like playing football. most of后接定冠词、指示代词或物主代词所修饰的名词，如Most of the people here know each other.
61.Para. 1 翻译在传统的婚姻中，男人工作赚钱、养家糊口。大部分男人在办公室、工厂或其他家庭以外的地方工作。既然男人赚了钱，他就要埋单；赚到的钱用于食物、服装、住房以及其他家庭需求。大部分决定由男人说了算，他是老板。
62.Para.2 In the traditional marriage, the woman seldom worked away from the home. She stayed at home to care for the children and her husband. She cooked the meals, cleaned the house, washed the clothes, and did other household work. Her job at home was very important.
63.Language Study seldom: adv. 很少，不常。例句： He seldom eats breakfast. 他很少吃早餐。 The apple tree is seldom fruitful. 这棵苹果树很少结果。 seldom放在句首时句子部分倒装。例句： Seldom does he eat breakfast. Seldom do they watch TV on weekdays. 倒装句
64.care for v. 照料例句：Who will care for the house while the family is away? 全家人都不在时,由谁照料这间房子呢? care for也可以表示“喜欢”、“计较”之意。Would you care for a drink? He doesn’t care for what he eats. 比较：care about 关心担心例句：I really care about my job. 我真的担心我的工作。 A selfish person does not care about other people's problem. 自私的人是不关心别人的困难的。
65.Language Study household adj. 家庭的，家常的 household duties 家务 household expenses 家庭开支 a household word 家喻户晓的事或人 household也可以做名词，表示一家人，如： a peasant household 农家；农户. the head of a household 户主；家长.
66.Para. 2翻译在传统婚姻中，女人很少在家庭之外工作。她居家照顾子女和丈夫。她煮饭、打扫房子、洗衣服、做其他家务。她在家中的工作至关重要。
67.Para. 3 In recent years, many couples continue to have a traditional relationship of this kind. The man has a job and earns the money for the family. The woman stays at home and cares for the children and the house. Many Americans are happy with this kind of marriage. But some other Americans have a different impression of marriage and family responsibilities.
68.Language Study couple n. 夫妻 e.g. four married couples 四对夫妇a newly wedded couple 一对新婚夫妇比较：spouse 配偶 to choose a spouse 择偶
69.continue to have the traditional relationship of this kind. continue to do sth. 继续做某事，也可以说continue doing sth. 例如：The rain continued falling/to fall all afternoon. 雨继续下了一个下午。
70.relationship：n. 关系例句：With China’s entry to WTO, we have established closer relationship with various overseas businesses 随着我国加入了WTO，我们与很多的国外企业建立了紧密的联系。 of this kind: 诸如此类的 e.g. a book of this kind 这种书
71.Language Study be happy with this kind of marriage be happy with 表示满意，例如：Are you happy with the room I’ve prepared for you? 你满意我给你准备的房间吗？ impression n. 印象，观念，想法 e.g. my first impressions of London 我对伦敦的最初印象give an impression of 给予…感觉 It’s my impression that he doesn’t want to come.我好像觉得他不想来.
72.responsibility n. 责任，负担 e.g. the sense of responsibility 责任感feel much responsibility 感觉责任重大family responsibilities 家庭负担 adj. responsible 负责任的 e.g. a responsible teacher 负责的老师. The bus driver is responsible for the safety of the passengers.公共汽车司机对乘客的安全负有责任.Bad weather was responsible for the delay.迟到的原因是由于天气不好.be responsible in morals and in law在道义上和法律上负有责任.
73.Para. 3翻译近年来，许多夫妇继续保持这种传统关系。男人工作赚钱养家。女人留在家中，照顾孩子，管理房子。许多美国人满足于这类婚姻模式。可另外有些美国人对婚姻和家庭责任有了不同的感想。
74.Para. 4 There are two important differences in male and female roles now. One is that both men and women have many more choices. They may choose to marry or to stay single. They may choose to work or stay at home. Both men and women may choose roles that are comfortable for them.
75.Language Study There are two important differences in male and female roles now. there be 句型在某方面有差异 differences in … One is that both men and women have many more choices. one：代词，代替上文出现过的可数名词，在此即one difference。 many more choices: 形容词比较级前面可以加many/ much/ little/ far等表示程度。
76.可修饰比较级的词 a bit, a little, rather, much, far, by far, many, a lot, lots, a great deal, any, still, even等用表示倍数的词或度量名词以上词(除by far)外，必须置于比较级形容词或副词的前面。典型例题:　　　 1）　---- Are you feeling ____?　　　 ---- Yes，I‘m fine now.A. any well　B. any better　C. quite good 　D. quite better　　答案：B. any 可修饰比较级，quite修饰原级，well的比较级为better.
77.2）The experiment was____ easier than we had expected.　　 A.　more　 B.　much more C.　much D.　more much 答案：C.　much可修饰比较级，因此B，C都说得通，但easier本身已是比较级，不需more，因此C为正确答案。 3）If there were no examinations, we should have ___ at school.　A. the happiest time　　B. a more happier time　C. much happiest time　 D.　a much happier time 答案：D。
78.Language Study Both men and women may choose roles that are comfortable for them. 定语从句：that做关系代词，在从句中充当主语，代替先行词roles，此处也可以用which。 comfortable：adj. 舒适的，自在的 e.g. a comfortable chair 舒适的椅子 a comfortable life 生活过得去 Make yourself comfortable! (招待客人用语)别客气!请随便吧!
79.Para. 4翻译现在，男女角色出现了两个重大差异。一是男女双方都拥有更多选择。他们可以选择结婚或单身，他们可以选择工作或居家。男女双方均可能选择自己乐意的角色。
80.Para. 5 A second difference in male and female roles is that within marriage many decisions and responsibilities are shared. The husband and wife may choose to have children, or they may not. If they have children, the man may take care of them some of the time, all of the time, or not at all. The woman may want to stay at home and take care of the children. Or she may want to go to work. Men and women now decide these things together in a marriage. Many married people now share these decisions and the responsibilities of their families.
81.Language Study A second difference in male and female roles is that within marriage many decisions and responsibilities are shared. a second difference 另一个差异序数词主要用作定语，前面要加定冠词，例如： The first truck is carrying a food baskets．序数词有时前面可加不定冠词来表示“再一”，“又一”这样的意思，例如： We'll have to do it a second time．
82.Language Study 名词性that-从句在句中能充当主语、宾语、表语、同位语和形容词宾语，本句在is后面，为表语从句。表语从句中that不能省略。例如：The fact is that he has not been seen recently.　事实是近来谁也没有见过他。例题： The question is ________ we will have our sports meet next week. A. that B. if C. when D. whether A
83.Language Study share: v. 分享 e.g. A and B shared views.甲乙两人看法相同.share his views and opinions 赞同他的意见.share joys and sorrows with workers 与工人同甘共苦.I share a room with my friend. 我跟朋友同住一个房间. I will share with you in the cost. 我愿跟你分摊费用。(不及物动词）
84.Language Study …or they may not. 省略句，与前句中重复的部分省略，即… or they may not choose to have children. not at all: 在句中用来表示否定（是no的加强说法），意为：一点也不；完全不。例如： A：Is it difficult to study English？学英语难吗？ B：Not at all.一点不难。
85.Para. 5翻译男女角色方面出现的另一差别是：婚姻关系中不少的决定和责任共同承担。丈夫和妻子可能决定要孩子，或者不要孩子。如果他们要孩子，男人可能花一部分时间、或全部时间照顾他们，也或许完全不花时间照顾他们。女人可能想要留在家中，照顾孩子，或者也可能出去工作。男女现在共同决定婚姻涉及的事务。许多已婚人士现在共同做家庭决定，分担家庭责任。
86.Comprehension Questions 1. Which of the following is true in the traditional marriage ? A. The man is the breadwinner of the family. B. The woman made most of decisions. C. The woman took up a very important job outside home. D. The man and the woman shared the bills.
87.2. In recent years __________________. A. young couples reject the traditional relationship B. the woman has a job and earns the money for the family C. the woman no longer take up the domestic responsibilities D. people’s understanding of marriage starts to change
88.3. We can infer from paragraph 4 that ______________. A. more and more people choose not to get married now B. women have no chance to choose the roles that are comfortable for them C. both men and women have more freedom to live in their own ways D. many people leave their jobs just because they have children
89.4. Which is true about the male and female roles in families today? A. The husband decides whether to have children or not. B. It is still the woman who takes care of children at home. C. Some women develop their own career even after they have a child. D. Women have become the decision-makers of the family.
90.5. The writer’s attitude toward gender roles in families today is _____________. neutral indifferent critical disapproval
91.Exercises I. Conversation: Choose the right answer to finish the following conversation.
92.1. —Hi, Ben. How is everything with you? — ______________, and how are you? A. Don’t mention it. B. Hm, not too bad. C. Thanks. D. Pretty fast.
93.2. —Hi, welcome back. Had a nice trip? — _________________. A. Oh, fantastic! Fresh air, and sunshine every day. B. Come on, I’ve got lots of fun. C. By the way, I don’t like swimming very much. D. Well, I look forward to your invitation.
94.3. — May I use your bike for a moment? — _________________. A. It’s sure. B. It doesn’t matter. C. By all means. D. I have no idea.
95.4. — How was your trip to London, Jane? — _____________________. A. Oh, wonderful indeed. B. I went there alone. C. The guide showed me the way. D. By plane and by bus.
96.5. — How are you feeling? — Much better. ____________________. A. Thanks for coming to see me. B. You look great. C. You are so kind. D. Don’t mention it.
97.II. Reading Comprehension The passage is followed by some questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A, B, C, and D. Decide on the best choice.
98. Para. 1 The greatest recent changes have been in the lives of women. During the twentieth century there was an unusual shortening of the time of a woman’s life spent in caring for children. A woman who got married at the end of the 19th century would probably have been in her middle twenties, and would be likely to have seven or eight children, of whom four or five lived till they were five years old.
99.By the time the youngest was fifteen, the mother would have been in her early fifties and would expect to live a further twenty years, during which custom, chance and health made it unusual for her to get paid work. Today women get married at a younger age and have fewer children. Usually a woman’s youngest child will be fifteen when she is forty-five and is likely to take paid work until retirement at sixty. Even while she has the care of children ,her work is lightened by household appliances（家用电器）and convenience foods.
100.Para. 2 This important change in women’s way of life has only recently begun to have its full effect on women’s economic position. Even a few years ago most girls left school at the first opportunity and most of them took a full-time job. However, when they got married, they usually left work at once and never returned to it. Today the school-leaving age is sixteen, many girls stay at school after that age, and though women tend to get married young, more married women stay at work at least until shortly before their first child is born.
101.Many more return afterwards to a full-time or part-time job. Such changes have led to a new relationship in marriage, with both husband and wife accepting a greater share of the duties and satisfaction of family life, and with both husband and wife sharing more equally in providing the money and running the home, according to the abilities and interest of each of them.
102.Questions 1. We are told that in an average family about 1890________. A. many children died before they were five B. the youngest child would be fifteen years younger than the oldest C. seven of eight children lived to be more than five D. the child death rate was rather high
103.2. When she was over fifty, the late 19th century mother________. A. would expect to work until she died B. was usually expected to take up paid employment C. would be healthy enough to take up paid employment D. was unlikely to find a job even if she is now likely
104.3. Many girls, the passage says, are now likely to ________. A. get married so that they can get a job B. leave school as soon as they can C. give up their jobs for good after they are married D. continue working until they are going to have a baby
105.4. According to the passage, it is now quite usual for women to ________. A. stay at home after leaving school B. marry men younger than themselves C. start working again later in life D. get married while still at school
106.5. The best title for this passage is ______________. A. Great Changes in Women’s Life B. 19th-Century Family C. Modern Girls’ Choice D. Equal Duties in Family Life
107.III. Vocabulary and Structure There are 10 incomplete sentences here. You are required to complete each statement by choosing the appropriate answer from the 4 choices marked A, B, C, and D.
108.1. Since ___________ from the company, she has done voluntary work for a charity. A. retreating B. reporting C. remarrying D. retiring 2. It’s our duty to preserve the planet for future _____________. A. persons B. generations C. characters D. nations
109.3. It is really hard for him to __________ a decision at such a moment. A. make B. do C. work D. play 4. I don’t think I will ever feel ________ spreading rumors. A. consistent B. common C. comfortable D. comparable
110.5. We will not attack ______ we are attacked; if attacked, we will certainly counter-attack. A. unless B. when C. if D. even if 6. Seldom ______ an article that was so full of lies. A. I have read B. have I read C. I had read D. had I read
111.7. Time is growing __________. We must work hard. A. lately B. later C. short D. shortly 8. Mary’s father ___________ mathematics in this school ever since he graduated from University of Michigan. A. taught B. teaches C. has taught D. is teaching
112.9. The sports meeting was put off till next week ____________the rain. A. in spite of B. so C. because D. because of 10. Her salary as a manager is much higher than ________________. A. a clerk B. is a clerk C. that of a clerk D. as a clerk
113.IV. Cloze Each blank in the following passage is provided with four choices. Read the passage and choose the best answer for each blank.
114.“Hey, Dad, are you going to come to my award ceremony tonight? ”I eagerly asked my father. “I have to work late tonight. I doubt I’ll be able to__1__ it on time. I am just too busy right now, ”he replied. My mind could not accept the idea that he would be too busy working late. He was also too busy to__2__ my horse show, football games and the 15th birthday party. He always used the same __3__. Why would I even bother asking? __4__ , there was always a slight hope that tonight would be different.
115. As my mother and I arrived at school, two friends greeted me. “Jill, meet my dad. Dad, this is my friend Jill.” I shook the hand of a tall man. Camera flashes lit up the room, and claps filled the __5__ as students accepted their awards. My name was finally called, __6__ three others. I followed my classmates to the stage. When I reached out my hand to shake the teacher’s, a big smile lit up her face. The blinding flash from my mother’s camera hurt my eyes and I knew my dad wasn’t there. I walked back to my seat __7__.
116. Back at home, seeing my dad’s car in the garage, I told myself he would not be __8__ . But the strong smell of alcohol （酒精）hit me as soon as I stepped inside, and I could feel my tears __9__. I followed the sound of his drunken words and saw him lying on the couch. Why did father lie to me? I threw my award on the floor, walked to my bedroom, and shut the door. Tears rolled down my face. I wondered if I would ever be more __10__ than his whiskey bottle.
117.“Hey, Dad, are you going to come to my award ceremony tonight? ”I eagerly asked my father. “I have to work late tonight. I doubt I’ll be able to__1__ it on time. I am just too busy right now, ”he replied. 1. A. reach B. keep C. take D. make D
118.My mind could not accept the idea that he would be too busy working late. He was also too busy to__2__ my horse show, football games and the 15th birthday party. He always used the same __3__. Why would I even bother asking? __4__ , there was always a slight hope that tonight would be different. 2. A. watch B. avoid C. attend D. speed 3. A. excuse B. reply C. promise D. trick 4. A. Besides B. Thus C. Otherwise D. However C A D
119.As my mother and I arrived at school, two friends greeted me. “Jill, meet my dad. Dad, this is my friend Jill.” I shook the hand of a tall man. Camera flashes lit up the room, and claps filled the __5__ as students accepted their awards. My name was finally called, __6__ three others. I followed my classmates to the stage. When I reached out my hand to shake the teacher’s, a big smile lit up her face. The blinding flash from my mother’s camera hurt my eyes and I knew my dad wasn’t there. I walked back to my seat __7__. 5. A. air B. audience C. school D. playground 6. A. apart from B. other than C. except for D. along with 7. A. successfully B. disappointedly C. delightedly D. hopefully A D B
120.Back at home, seeing my dad’s car in the garage, I told myself he would not be __8__ . But the strong smell of alcohol （酒精）hit me as soon as I stepped inside, and I could feel my tears __9__. I followed the sound of his drunken words and saw him lying on the couch. A. drunk B. woken C. forgiven D. hidden A. getting off B. taking down C. building up D. turning around A C
121. Why did father lie to me? I threw my award on the floor, walked to my bedroom, and shut the door. Tears rolled down my face. I wondered if I would ever be more __10__ than his whiskey bottle. 10. A. perfect B. comfortable C. fortunate D. important D
122.V. Translation Put the following sentences into Chinese. In the traditional marriage, the man took up a job to earn money for the family. 在传统的婚姻中，男人承担工作，为家庭赚钱。 In recent years, many couples continue to have a traditional relationship of this kind. 近年来，许多夫妇继续保持这种传统的关系。
123.But some other Americans have a different impression of marriage and family responsibilities. 但是有其他一些美国人对婚姻和家庭责任有了不同的感想。 Both men and women may choose roles that are comfortable for them. 男人和女人都可能选择他们自己乐意的角色。 Many married people now share these decisions and the responsibilities of their families. 许多已婚人士现在共同做家庭决定，分担家庭责任。
124.VI. Writing You are required to write a composition on the topic “Recent Changes in Chinese Family Life” with no less than 80 words based on the outline given below. 中国人的家庭生活发生了巨大的变化；变化的原因之一是物质生活的改善；变化的另一个原因是家庭观念的变革。
125.Sample Chinese family life has changed a lot in recent years. Changes are brought by the economic development, which improves people’s living condition considerably. For example, up-to-date houses well equipped with electronic appliances are regarded as mansions by the old, and it is such a common thing for one to sit comfortably in the sofa, watching TV after one day’s work.
126.In addition, the way people think of family has also changed. Big families have come to disappear, especially in modern cities. Instead, nuclear families are getting more and more. With the revolutionary thoughts about family, now even the only child may live far away from their parents. Predictably, more changes will occur from now on. Our family life will not be the same as before.
127.The End of Unit 2 Thanks!
128.Additional Reading Families in the West Charles Sprague Pearce, Family (1896).
129.The diverse data coming from ethnography（民族志）, history, law and social statistics（统计） establish that the human family is an institution（机构） and not a biological fact founded on the natural relationship of consanguinity（血亲）.
130.The different types of families occur in a wide variety of settings, and their specific functions and meanings depend largely on their relationship to other social institutions.
131.The term nuclear family is commonly used, especially in the United States and Europe, to refer to a family group consisting of most commonly, a father and mother and their children
132.The term “extended family“ (or joint family) is also common, especially in the United States and Europe. It serves as a synonym of ”consanguineous （血亲的）family".
133.These types refer to ideal or normative structures found in particular societies. Any society will exhibit some variation in the actual composition and conception of families.
134.Much sociological, historical and anthropological research dedicates itself to the understanding of this variation, and of changes in the family form over time. Thus, some speak of the bourgeois family, a family structure arising out of 16th-century and 17th-century European households, in which the family centers on a marriage between a man and woman, with strictly-defined gender-roles. The man typically has responsibility for income and support, the woman for home and family matters.
135.In contemporary Europe and the United States, people in academic, political and civil sectors have called attention to single-father-headed households, and families headed by same-sex couples.
136.Also the term blended family or stepfamily describes families with mixed parents: one or both parents remarried, bringing children of the former family into the new family.
137.Additional Information Vocabulary Learning: Words on Family Family types Family members
138.Family Types two-parent family two-career family stepfamily extended family nuclear family single-parent family female-headed family DINK family polygamy monogamy patriarchal family matriarchal family
139.words on family members family 家庭 marriage 婚姻 spouse 配偶 couple 夫妻 parents 父母 child 孩子 single 单身者 male 男的 female 女的 husband 丈夫 wife 妻子 father 父亲 mother 母亲 son 儿子 daughter 女儿 brother 兄弟 sister 姐妹 twin 双胞胎
140.grandfather 祖父 grandmother 祖母 granny 奶奶，外婆 grandma 奶奶，外婆 grandpa 爷爷，外公 grandchildren 孙辈 grandson 孙子，外孙 granddaughter 孙女，外孙女 great-grandfather 曾祖父 great-grandmother 曾祖母 son-in-law 女婿 daughter-in-law 儿媳 father-in-law 岳父（公公） mother-in-law 岳母（婆婆） sister-in-law 妯娌，嫂子，弟妹 brother-in-law 姐夫，妹夫，连襟
141.stepfather 继父 stepmother 继母 stepson 继子 stepdaughter 继女 stepbrother 异父(母)之兄弟 stepsister 异父(母)之姐妹（stepfamily 继亲家庭） half-brother half-sister foster father 养父 foster mother 养母 adopted son 养子 adopted daughter 养女 nephew 侄儿，外甥 niece 侄女，外甥女 cousin 堂兄妹，表兄妹 offspring 后代，后辈 ancestor 祖先
142.The End of Unit 2 Thanks!
143.After he retired from office, Roger __ painting for a while, but soon lost interest． A．took up B．saved up C．kept up D．drew up A
144.倒装句全部倒装　全部倒装是只将句子中的谓语动词全部置于主语之前。此结构通常只用与一般现在时和　一般过去时。常见的结构有：　1) here, there, now, then, thus等副词置于句首, 谓语动词常用be, come, go, lie, run。　 There goes the bell.　 Then came the chairman.　 Here is your letter.
145.　2) 表示运动方向的副词或地点状语置于句首，谓语表示运动的动词。　　Out rushed a missile from under the bomber.　　Ahead sat an old woman.　注意：上述全部倒装的句型结构的主语必须是名词，如果主语是人称代词则不能完全倒装。　　 Here he comes.　　 Away they went.
146.部分倒装　部分倒装是指将谓语的一部分如助动词或情态倒装至主语之前。如果句中的谓语没有助动词或情态动词，则需添加助动词do, does或did，并将其置于主语之前。　1)　句首为否定或半否定的词语，如no, not, never, seldom, little, hardly, at no time, in no way, not until… 等。　　Never have I seen such a performance.　　Nowhere will you find the answer to this question.　　Not until the child fell asleep did the mother leave the room.　当Not until引出主从复合句，主句倒装，从句不倒装。
147.注意：如否定词不在句首不倒装。　　 I have never seen such a performance.　　 The mother didn't leave the room until the child fell asleep.典型例题　 Why can't I smoke here?At no time___________ in the meeting-room A. is smoking permitted　　B.　smoking is permittedC. smoking is it permitted　 D.　does smoking permit Not until the early years of the 19th century ___ what heat is.A. man did know　 B. man know　 C. didn‘t man know　 D. did man know
148.以否定词开头作部分倒装如 Not only…but also, Hardly/Scarcely…when, No sooner… than例句：Not only did he refuse the gift, he also severely criticized the sender.　 Hardly had she gone out when a student came to visit her.　 No sooner had she gone out than a student came to visit her.典型例题No sooner____________ than it began to rain heavily. A. the game began　　　　 B.　has the game begunC. did the game begin　　　 D.　had the game begun
149.so, neither, nor作部分倒装　表示“也”、“也不” 的句子要部分倒装。　　　　　　Tom can speak French. So can Jack.　　If you won‘t go, neither will I. 典型例题　---Do you know Jim quarrelled with his brother?　---I don’t know, _____.　 A. nor don‘t I care　　 B. nor do I care　　 C. I don't care neither　　D. I don't care also 注意：当so引出的句子用以对上文内容加以证实或肯定时，不可用倒装结构。意为“的确如此”。例如：Tom asked me to go to play football and so I did.
150.only在句首要倒装的情况　 Only in this way can you learn English well.　 Only after being asked three times did he come to the meeting.　如果句子为主从复合句，则主句倒装，从句不倒装　 Only when he is seriously ill, does he ever stay in bed.
151.as, though 引导的倒装句　 as / though引导的让步从句必须将表语或状语提前（形容词, 副词, 分词, 实义动词提前）。注意：　　　 1) 句首名词不能带任何冠词。　　　 2) 句首是实义动词, 其他助动词放在主语后。如果实义动词有宾语和状语,　随实义动词一起放在主语之前。　　 Try hard as he will, he never seems able to do the work satisfactorily.
152.其他部分倒装 1)　 so… that 句型中的so 位于句首时，需倒装。　　 So frightened was he that he did not dare to move an inch.2)　在某些表示祝愿的句型中：　　May you all be happy.3)　在虚拟语气条件句中从句谓语动词有were, had, should等词，可将if 省略，把 were, had, should 移到主语之前，采取部分倒装。　 Were I you, I would try it again.

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