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AP World History The Cold War

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feiruz

2021-10-12 published at other category

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1.Aim: How Did the Cold War Impact Afghanistan, Iran, Iraq, Central America, and Chile? Do Now: The CIA used Osama Bin Laden to help fight the Soviets in Afghanistan. How do you feel about this?
2.I Russians in Afghanistan 1979 - 1980 A) December 1979, the USSR under Brezhnev sent thousands of troops into Afghanistan. B) US President Carter enacted economic sanctions against the USSR, called for a boycott of the 1980 Moscow Olympics, and aided Afghan rebels known as the mujahedeen (who would later become the Taliban and Al Qaeda). Leonid Brezhnev, USSR US President Jimmy Carter
3.Mujahedeen Anti-Soviet fighters, Afghanistan 1980s.
4.“We know of their deep belief in God, and we are confident their struggle will succeed. That land over there is yours, you’ll go back to it one day because your fight will prevail, and you’ll have your homes and your mosques back again. Because your cause is right and God is on your side.” - National Security Advisor Zbigniew Brzezinski to Osama bin Laden. “One of the most prominent members of he mujahedeen was a wealthy son of a Saudi Arabian businessman named Osama Bin Laden. National Security Advisor Zbigniew Brzezinski visited Afganistan in 1979 and met with Bin Laden and even took a picture with him.” http://newsone.com/1205745/cia-osama-bin-laden-al-qaeda/ https://history.state.gov/milestones/1977-1980/soviet-invasion-afghanistan
5.II Augusto Pinochet, 1973 A) Sept 11, 1973, Chile's military overthrew the government of Marxist Salvador Allende, aided by the American CIA. The military took power, led by Augusto Pinochet  military dictatorship. B) Pinochet’s government killed 3,000+ people and tortured 29,000. “Sometimes democracy must be bathed in blood.” “Everything I did, all my actions, all of the problems I had I dedicate to God and to Chile, because I kept Chile from becoming Communist.” - Augusto Pinochet Chile returned to a democratic government in 1990 when Patricio Aylwin was elected president, but Pinochet remained head of the military until 1997. He was arrested in England in 1998, but died in 2006 without being tried for his crimes.
6.Pinochet Continued…
7.III 1979 Iranian Revolution Left: An Indian Sepoy guarding an Anglo-Iranian refinery, 1941. A) Britain and USSR invaded Iran August 1941 to “protect” the oil fields (already owned by the Anglo- Iranian Oil Company).
8.1979 Iranian Revolution Continued… B) Shah Muhammad Reza Pahlavi had been king since 1941. C) In 1951, Iran's Parliament voted to nationalize the oil industry. Dr. Mosaddeq was elected prime minister. D) The American CIA aided Britain and the Shah (Mohammad Reza Pahlavi) in orchestrating a coup; it removed Mosaddeq and restored Shah Pahlavi to power. Dr. Mosaddeq Shah Mohammad Reza Pahlavi and his Wife
9.1979 Iranian Revolution Continued… D) In 1963, the Shah launched his "White Revolution" that included infrastructure development, voting rights for women, and education. Some were upset at the “westernization” of Iran. Iranian Students, Tehran, 1960s
10.Imam Ruhollah Musavi Khomeini 1979 Iranian Revolution Continued… E) Ruhollah Khomeini, a Shiite cleric, wanted to overthrow the Shah, rid Iran of “Western” influences, and establish an Islamic state. 1964, Khomeini was exiled to Iraq but gained supporters. F) 1971 the Shah held an extravagant celebration of the 2,500th anniversary of the pre-Islamic Persian monarchy  increased support for Khomeini.
11.1979 Iranian Revolution Continued… G) Sept 8, 1978, the Shah's security fired on demonstrators, killing 100s. Khomeini called for the Shah's immediate overthrow  military coup Dec 11  the Shah fled to Mexico. H) The US Embassy in Iran warned US President Jimmy Carter that if the Shah was allowed to enter the US to treat his cancer, the US Embassy would be taken. Carter allowed the Shah into the US. November 5, 1978: Fires are set on Tehran's main streets during anti-government protests. Many banks and cinemas were burned and damaged.
12.1979 Iranian Revolution Continued… I) Nov 4 1978 in Tehran, with the approval of Khomeini, militants stormed the Iranian US embassy and took the staff hostage. The militants demanded the return of the Shah to Iran to stand trial for his crimes. The US refused to negotiate, and 52 American hostages were held for 444 days. They were only released after Ronald Reagan was sworn in as US President. Mohammad Reza Shah Pahlavi died in Egypt in July 1980.
13.At the time of the hostage crisis, Khomeini referred to the US as “The Great Satan”. Iranian students climb over the wall of the US embassy in Tehran on November 4, 1979.
14.Women in Iran Post Revolution After the Iranian Revolution, Khomeini imposed Sharia law, and “morality police” patrolled the streets enforcing it. Some controversial laws under Sharia in Iran: 1. A married woman cannot leave the country without her husband's permission. 2. A woman's testimony as a witness is worth half that of a man. 3. In all public places, women must wear a hijab (headscarf)). 4. Polygamy is permitted for men (up to four wives allowed), but not for women. Niloufar Ardalan is a female football (soccer) star in Iran, but her husband has at certain times legally stopped her from attending games. She believes Iran laws should be changed. https://sports.vice.com/en_us/article/stadiums-are-still-closed-to-women-in-iran
15.Iran Iraq War 1980 - 1988 The Iran – Iraq War began on Sept. 22, 1980. Causes: Land disputes: Iraq wanted control of oil rich Khuzestan on the Iraq-Iran border, and Iraqi president Saddam Hussein wanted control of the Shaṭṭ al-ʿArab river. Saddam believed Iran wanted to cause rebellion among Iraq’s Shiite majority. (Iraq under Saddam was Sunni led). Effects: Saddam used chemical warfare against Iran and on Iraqi Kurds. There was a cease fire in 1988, but the war officially ended Aug. 16, 1990.
16.Iran Iraq War 1980 – 1988 Continued…
17.Iran Iraq War 1980 – 1988 Continued… The UN confirmed in 1986 that Iraq had contravened the Geneva Convention by using chemical weapons (mustard and nerve gas) against Iran. In 1988 Iraq turned its chemical weapons on Iraqi Kurds in northern Iraq. http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/shared/spl/hi/middle_east/02/iraq_events/html/chemical_warfare.stm 25 - 35 million Kurds inhabit a mountainous region in Turkey, Iraq, Syria, Iran and Armenia. Their main language is Kurdish. Their ancestors were native to Mesopotamia. They have never had a permanent nation state. The majority are Sunni Muslims. Kurdish Inhabited Area
18.The Iran – Contra Affair 1986 - 1987 A) 1983 Hezbollah terrorists suicide bombed Beirut, Lebanon, killing 241 American soldiers. Hezbollah also took 7 Americans hostage in Lebanon. Hezbollah is a militant and political group that originated in Lebanon in 1982, with ties to Iran. Above: US Marines searching for victims in Beirut eight days after an attack that killed 241 American soldiers on October 23, 1983.
19.The Iran – Contra Affair 1986 – 1987 Continued… B) The Iran-contra affair consisted of 3 interconnected parts: 1. The Reagan administration sold weapons to Iran (during the Iran-Iraq war). 2. In exchange for the arms, Iran helped gain the release of Americans held hostage in Lebanon. 3. The arms were purchased at high prices, with the profits illegally used to fund the Contras who were fighting the Socialist Sandinista government in Nicaragua.
20.Sandinista National Liberation Front Left: Sandinista Founder Daniel Ortega with Fidel Castro Right: Sandinista Soldiers Graduating, 1984
21.US Backed Contras U.S. backed Nicaraguan rebel leader stands with guerrilla fighters with in their camp in southern Nicaragua, 1983.
22.The Iran – Contra Affair 1986 – 1987 Continued… C) The Iran-Contra Affair violated American law: Arms sales to Iran were illegal Ransom for hostages was illegal It was illegal to fund the contras above the limits set by Congress. D) Several members of the Reagan administration were convicted, but Reagan himself was never charged.
23.The Iran – Contra Affair Continued… Lieutenant Colonel Oliver North of the National Security Council admitted to diverting funds from arms sales to Iran to the Contras, with the full knowledge and approval of US President Reagan and NSC director Poindexter. Poindexter resigned, and North was fired. In Nov 1986, Reagan went on TV and denied that any such operation had occurred. He retracted the statement a week later, insisting that the sale of weapons had not been an arms-for-hostages deal.
24.The Iran – Contra Affair Continued… Battling the Cuban-backed Sandinistas, the Contras were, according to Reagan, "the moral equivalent of our Founding Fathers." Eugene H. Hasenfus is a US citizen who was alleged by Nicaragua Sandinista authorities to be employed by the U.S. CIA. The photo (top right) shows Sandinista soldiers holding Eugene Hasenfus captive after his cargo plane was shot down while delivering supplies to the Contras in October 1986. http://www.nytimes.com/1991/10/20/us/north-says-reagan-knew-of-iran-deal.html?pagewanted=all
25.
26.Summary Questions How and why did the US fight the Soviets in Afghanistan? What were the effects? How and why did the US back a military coup to install Pinochet in power in Chile? What were the effects? How and why did the US back the Shah in Iran? How did this lead to the 1979 Iranian Revolution? What were the effects? What were the causes and effects of the Iran-Iraq War? How was the US involved? What was the Iran-Contra Affair? What were the effects? What do you think of the role the CIA played in these events?
27.Key Vocabulary Anglo-Iranian Oil Company Dr. Mossadeq Iran-Contra Affair Iranian Hostage Crisis Contras Iran-Iraq War Khomeini Kurds Mujahedeen Oliver North Pinochet Saddam Hussein Sandinistas Shah Reza Pahlavi

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