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Health Hazards in Construction

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2021-9-26 published at HR&Recruiting category

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1.1 Health HazardsinConstructionPart 2 Developed by: Construction Safety Council 4100 Madison Street Hillside, IL 60162
2.2 Chemical Health Hazards Learning Goals: Be able to explain what a chemical health hazard is and how construction workers might be exposed to these hazards. Define important terms used to describe chemical hazards in the workplace. Overview the health effects of these hazards on the human body.
3.3 Important Terms Gases, vapors, fumes, dusts/fibers & mists Routes of entry Units of concentration Respirable Breathable Air Simple asphyxiant Chemical asphyxiant Gas & vapor density Carcinogens Toxic & highly toxic
4.4 Important Terms Reproductive toxins Irritants Corrosives Sensitizers Hepatotoxins (liver toxins) Nephrotoxins (kidney toxins) Neurotoxins (nerve toxins) Hematopoietic system (blood forming system) Synergistic Effect Your Right to Know Material Safety Data Sheet (MSDS)
5.5 Chemical Health Hazards Gas Vapor Fume Dust/Fiber Mist
6.6 Routes of Entry Inhalation Ingestion Absorption Injection Alveoli
7.7 Units of Concentration (ppm) Parts per Million (mg/m³) Milligrams per Cubic Meter of Air (µg/m³) Micrograms per Cubic Meter of Air (f/cc) Fibers per Cubic Centimeter of Air
8.8 Part Per Million (ppm) 55 gallons Four (4) eye drops in a 55 gallon drum is equivalent to 1 part per million (1 ppm).
9.9 Milligrams per Cubic Meter of Air (mg/m³) Empire State Building X 1000 = 1 mg/m³ Approximate Volume = 1,000,000 m³
10.10 Micrograms per Cubic Meter of Air (µg/m³) X 50 (artificial sweetener packets) = 50 µg/m³ (OSHA PEL for Lead). Empire State Building X 1 = (1 µg/m³) Approximate Volume = 1,000,000 m³
11.11 Fibers per Cubic Centimeter (f/cc) Fiber – Means a particulate form of asbestos, 5 micrometer (µm) or longer, with a length-to-width ratio of at least 3 to 1.
12.12 OSHA PEL for Asbestos Average amount of air a worker breathes during an 8-hour shift (ten refrigerators) 0.1 f/cc is equivalent to the number of fibers on the tip of a pencil mixed in with the volume of ten refrigerators.
13.13 Respirable Particles Human hair is between 80 – 120 microns (µm) in diameter. Respirable dust is less than 10 microns (µm) in diameter!
14.14 Respirable Particles 0 1 Meter (m) 0.01 .001 .000001 Millimeter (mm) Centimeter (cm) Micron (µm) Human Hair (80 – 120 µm) Respirable Dust, e.g., Lead, Silica & Asbestos (<10 µm) A lower case 'o' when printed in Times New Roman size 10 (1mm). o 1 cm 1 m Large Dog
15.15
16.16
17.17 High Efficiency Particulate Air (HEPA) Capable of filtering 0.3 micrometer particles with 99.97% efficiency. 100
18.18 Gases Examples of gases found in construction: Oxygen – used for welding and cutting. Acetylene – used for welding and cutting. Propane – used for heating & fuel. Carbon Dioxide – used as an inert gas and can be found naturally in sewers. Methane – the principle component of natural gas and found in earth deposits.
19.19 Gases Examples of gases found in construction: Hydrogen Sulfide –break down of organic matter and can be found naturally in sewers. Carbon Monoxide – highly toxic and produced by the incomplete combustion of fuels. Welding Gases – The welding arc can produce ozone, phosgene and carbon monoxide gases. Diesel Exhaust – Nitrogen Dioxide.
20.20 How do Gases Affect the Body? Who’s at Risk? Group Discussion… What hazardous gases are present on your job?
21.21 Gases Important questions concerning gases: What is the gas density? What is the flammable range (LFL) of the gas? How toxic is the gas (PEL, TLV, REL & IDLH)? Is the gas a simple asphyxiant or a chemical asphyxiant?
22.22 Gas Density Helium .062 Gas Density (Air = 1) Propane 1.55 Carbon Dioxide 1.53
23.23 Breathable Air
24.24 Never use pure oxygen for ventilation, cooling or cleaning!
25.25
26.26 Sewer Entry Engulfment Toxic gases Explosive -Flammable gases Oxygen Deficiency
27.27 Confined Space Hazards Confined Space Hazards… Always check for hazardous atmospheres!
28.28
29.29 Exposure to simple asphyxiants is like suffocating in a plastic bag.
30.30 Temporary Heating Devices & Asphyxiation Fresh air must be supplied in sufficient quantities. OTI Southwest Education/elcoshimages.org
31.31 When using portable heaters, special care must be taken to provide sufficient ventilation in order to ensure a safe and healthful environment.
32.32 Chemical Asphyxiant Carbon Monoxide – “The Silent Killer” Hydrogen Sulfide – Rotten Eggs
33.33 Carbon Monoxide (CO) Odorless, colorless and toxic gas. Found in combustion exhaust.
34.34 Good example of generator exhausts being vented to the outside.
35.35
36.36 Hydrogen Sulfide Colorless, very poisonous, flammable gas. Characteristic foul odor of rotten eggs. Bacterial breakdown of organic matter in the absence of oxygen. Found in swamps and sewers (manholes).
37.37
38.38 Welding, Cutting & Brazing Gases Carbon Dioxide Carbon Monoxide Nitrogen Dioxide Nitric Oxide Hydrogen Fluoride Ozone Phosgene
39.39 Diesel Exhaust Ensure proper ventilation. Do not idle engines excessively. See manufacturers MSDS.
40.40 Respiratory Protection for Exposure to Gases Acid gas cartridges [White] Organic vapor (OV) acid gas cartridges [Yellow] Multi vapor gas cartridges [Olive Green] 3M™ Organic Vapor/Acid Gas Respirators 5000 Series
41.41 End of Service Life Indicator (ESLI) The indicator background changes to a different color as the service life shortens. The indicator completely changes color when the service life of the cartridge is expired.
42.42 Vapors Examples of vapors found in construction: Gasoline – used for fuel. Organic Solvents – used as paint thinners (toluene & turpentine) & glue solvents (acetone & methyl ethyl ketone) Nail polish remover, an organic solvent (usually acetone) has a distinctive vapor odor.
43.43 How are Vapors Formed? Liquid reaches a certain temperature – Flash Point. At Flash Point – vapor is released into the air. The amount of vapor is dependent on the Vapor Pressure. Water needs to be heated (212ºF) for vapors to be formed. Some solvents give off vapor at or below room temperature (72ºF).
44.44 Vapors What is the vapor density? What is the flash point of the liquid to which vapor is produced? What is the vapor pressure? What is the flammable range (LFL) of the vapor? How toxic is the vapor (PEL, TLV, REL & IDLH)?
45.45 Vapor Density Vapor Density (Air = 1) Gasoline 3 – 4 Turpentine 4.69
46.46 Flash Point Flash Point is the minimum temperature at which a liquid gives off a vapor in sufficient concentration to ignite.
47.47 How do Solvents Affect the Body? Dissolve skin fats and oils. Skin dryness, cracking, redness, and blisters Local health effect Vapors can be inhaled. Central nervous system damage. Systemic health effect
48.48 Vapor Pressure Toxic solvent with a relative low vapor pressure Toxic solvent with a relative high vapor pressure Fewer Vapors (Less Hazardous) More Vapors (More Hazardous)
49.49 Hazardous (Dangerous) Vapor Pressure Vapor pressure is less than 1mmHg; it is not likely to evaporate (not an inhalation hazard). Vapor pressure greater than 50 mmHg; it is likely to evaporate (is an inhalation hazard).
50.50 Group Discussion… What hazardous vapors are present on your job?
51.51 Respiratory Protection for Exposure to Vapors Organic vapor (OV) cartridge [Black] Organic vapor (OV) acid gas cartridges [Yellow] Multi vapor gas cartridges [Olive Green] North 7700 Series Half-Face Respirator equipped with organic vapor acid gas cartridge (yellow)
52.52 Fumes Examples of fumes found in construction: Welding Fumes Asphalt Naphtha – “Coal Tar” a brown or black thick liquid that comes from coal; it’s a skin irritant known to cause cancer. Lead Fumes Hexavalent Chromium (CrVI)
53.53 Group Discussion… Welding fumes are some of the most hazardous exposures a construction worker may experience.
54.54 How do fumes affect the body? Irritate the skin, eyes and nose; causing an immediate (acute) health effect. Fumes can easily pass from the lungs into the blood stream; resulting in a systemic health effect. Fumes are respirable size particles that are inhaled and can enter the blood stream.
55.55 Welding Fumes Metal Fume Fever [Zinc (Galvanized Metal)] Siderosis [Iron, Iron Oxide (Rust)] Manganism (Manganese)
56.56 Remember… Using proper engineering controls will help prevent diseases associated with welding and cutting, always use them! Courtesy of Sentry Air Systems, Inc. Houston, TX USA Model 300 Welding Fume Extractor www.sentryair.com
57.57 Asphalt Fumes Made from petroleum. Headache Skin rash Sensitization Throat and eye irritation Cough Suspect carcinogen No specific OSHA standards. Must wear appropriate PPE.
58.58 Naphtha (Coal Tar) By-product of coal. Acne Allergic skin reactions Know to cause cancer Photosensitivity – A condition in which a person becomes more sensitive to light.
59.59 Lead Fumes Lead poisoning Loss of appetite Nausea &vomiting Stomach cramps & constipation Fatigue Joint or muscle aches, anemia Decreased sexual drive.
60.60 Plumbers Melting Pot (Lead) Plumbers melt lead in special melting pots. Cast iron joints and fittings. Temperature must never exceeds 900°F. Use electric pot with temperature gage. Fuel (propane) Melting Pot Electric Melting Pot
61.61 Hexavalent Chromium (CrVI) compounds Dyes, paints, inks, and plastics. Stainless steel & chromium metal. Health effects: Lung cancer Irritation or damage to the nose, throat, and lungs. Irritation or damage to the eyes and skin.
62.62 Respiratory Protection for Exposure to Fumes
63.63 Dusts & Fibers Examples of Dusts & Fibers found in construction: Crystalline Silica Asbestos Metal Dusts Lead-Based Paint Fiberglass
64.64 Dusts & Fibers Important questions concerning dusts & fibers: What is the particle size of the dust and/or fiber? How toxic is the dust and/or fiber (PEL, TLV, REL & IDLH)? How does the dust or fiber affect the body? Is the dust or fiber regulated by OSHA?
65.65 How do dust & fibers affect the body? Respirable dust Dusts & Fibers
66.66 Body’s Defense against Dust Mucous Cilia
67.67
68.68 Crystalline Silica Quartz Sand Gravel Clay Granite Other forms of rock Smaller particles can be inhaled deep into the lungs - cause damage.
69.69 Silicosis Disease of the lungs due to the breathing of dust containing crystalline silica particles. NO cure!
70.70 Concrete cutting with no engineering control or PPE!
71.71 Silicosis Silicotic Lungs Normal Healthy Lungs
72.72 Crystalline Silica Exposures to crystalline silica dust include: Concrete cutting. Sandblasting for surface preparation. Crushing and drilling rock and concrete. Masonry and concrete work (e.g., building and road construction and repair). Mining & tunneling. Cement worker wearing a full-face piece negative pressure air purifying respirator. Demolition work. Cement and asphalt pavement manufacturing.
73.73
74.74 Asbestos Exposure during demolition or remodeling jobs. Found in some taping compounds, asbestos cement, pipes and floor tiles. Measured in fibers per cubic centimeter (ff/cc). 29 CFR 1926.1101 Asbestos
75.75 Asbestosis Asbestosis and mesothelioma Rare form of cancer that develops from the protective lining that covers many of the body's internal organs. Worker with chronic health problems; he needs oxygen.
76.76 Lead-Based Paint Dust “White Lead" (a lead carbonate) “Red Lead" (a lead oxide)
77.77 EPA Certified Lead Renovator All work performed under the supervision of certified lead renovators. Post signs and warn occupants of buildings. Barricade off work area and contain lead dust. Clean all objects and surfaces.
78.78 Fiberglass Insulation Provide general or local exhaust ventilation systems. Wear PPE. Maintain PEL for nuisance dusts (15 mg/m³).
79.79
80.80 Mists Examples of mists found in construction: Oil mist Paint mist Pesticides Aerosols
81.81 How do mists affect the body? Mists Skin Desig- nation X
82.82 Respiratory Protection for Exposures to Mists Filters designated as a “P” or “R” if the mist contains oil. AOSafety 95110 Paint Spray Respirator Organic Vapors Paints Lacquers Enamels Detachable Prefilter
83.83 Chemical Health Hazard Categories Carcinogen Corrosive Toxic & Highly Toxic Irritant Sensitizer Affects a Target Organ
84.84 Reproductive Toxins Mutation Permanent change of the genetic material in a cell. Teratogen Malformations of an embryo or fetus. Benzene (mutagen) Cadmium and compounds (fertility & teratogen) Chloroform (mutagen) Lead and compounds (fertility, teratogen & mutagen) Mercury and compounds (fertility & teratogen)
85.85 Synergistic Effect Two or more hazardous materials are present at the same time. Smoking paralyses the body’s natural defense – cilia.
86.86 Your Right to Know! OSHA – Hazard Communication Standard (HCS) Chemical manufacturer responsibilities Labels MSDS
87.87 Contractors Guide to HCS Compliance Become familiar with the OSHA’s Hazard Communication Standard (29 CFR 1910.1200) Prepare and implement a Hazard Communication Program. Assign a competent person to implement all aspects of the Program. Identify all hazardous chemicals in the workplace. Labels and other forms of warning must be in place. Safety Data Sheets (SDSs) available. Employee information and training conducted.
88.Safety Data Sheet (SDS) Identification Hazard(s) Identification Composition/Information on Ingredients First-aid Measures Fire-fighting Measures Accidental Release Measures Handling and Storage Exposure Controls/Personal Protection Physical & Chemical Properties Stability & Reactivity Toxicological Information Ecological Information Disposal Considerations Transport Information Regulatory Information Other Information 88
89.89 Physical Health Hazards Learning Goals: Be able to explain what a physical health hazard is and how construction workers might be exposed to these hazards. Define important terms used to describe physical hazards in the workplace. Overview the health effects of these hazards on the human body.
90.90 Important Terms Heat Cramps, Heat Exhaustion & Heat Stroke Frost Bite & Hypothermia Noise Induced Hearing Loss Cumulative Trauma Disorder Ergonomics Ionizing Radiation Non-Ionizing Radiation Melanoma
91.91 Physical Health Hazards Temperature Extremes Too hot or too cold. Noise Irreversible hearing loss. Repetitive Motion Cumulative Trauma Disorder Radiation Discomfort and eye damage (non-ionizing) Cancer (ionizing),
92.92 Heat Heat Cramps Electrolyte imbalance caused by sweating. Too much and too little salt. Do not rely on thirst to replenish fluids. Heat Exhaustion Headache Nausea Fainting Heat Stroke Hot, dry skin High temperature
93.93
94.94 Sun Cover up Use sunscreen with a sun protection factor (SPF) of at least 30. Wear a wide brim hard hat. Wear UV-absorbent sunglasses (eye protection). Limit exposure
95.95 Safe Work Practices (Heat) Drink water frequently. Wear light-colored, loose-fitting, breathable clothing. Take frequent short breaks in cool shade. Eat smaller meals before work activity. Avoid caffeine and alcohol or large amounts of sugar. Work in the shade. Consult doctor regard medications. Know limitations of PPE.
96.96 Cold Frostbite Hypothermia Wear several layers of clothing. Wear gloves and a helmet liner. Wear warm footwear with one or two pairs of warm socks. Wear a scarf or face mask. Take frequent short breaks in a warm shelter. Drink warm, sweet beverages. Eat warm, high calorie food such as pasta dishes.
97.97 Workers exposed to cold must dress appropriately for the weather.
98.98 When the body is unable to warm itself, serious cold-related illnesses and injuries may occur, and permanent tissue damage and death may result. Hypothermia can occur when land temperatures are above freezing or water temperatures are below 98.6°F/37°C. Cold-related illnesses can slowly overcome a person who has been chilled by low temperatures, brisk winds, or wet clothing. LOW TEMPERATURE + WIND SPEED + WETNESS = INJURIES & ILLNESS THE COLD STRESS EQUATION Little Danger (Caution) Freezing to Exposed Flesh within 1 Hour Danger Freezing to Exposed Flesh within 1 Minute Extreme Danger Freezing to Exposed Flesh within 30 Seconds Adapted from: ACGIH® Threshold Limit Values, and Physical Agents Biohazard Indices, 1998 – 1999. U.S. Department of Labor Occupational Safety and Health Administration OSHA 3156 1998 30°F / -1.1°C – 20°F / -6.7°C – 10°F / -12.2°C – 0°F / -17.8°C – -10°F / -23.3°C – -20°F / -28.9°C – -30°F / -34.4°C – -40°F / -40°C – -50°F / -45.6°C – Wind Speed (MPH) 0 10 20 30 40
99.99 Occupational Noise Noise is measured using sound level meters Decibel (abbreviated dB) unit used to measure the intensity of a sound. Standard Sound Level Meter Quest Technologies
100.100 Yelling 80 – 85 dB Normal Conversation 60 – 65 dB
101.101 What is A–Weighted? A-weighted response most resembles the sensitivity of the human ear.
102.102 Tinnitus “Ringing in the ears” Damage to tiny sensory hair cells in the inner ear.
103.103 The Inner Ear Cochlea Ear Drum
104.104 Cochlea
105.105 How Noise Damages the Ear Like walking on grass.
106.106
107.107 Occupational Noise Exposures (29 CFR 1926.52) OSHA Requirement… When employees are subjected to sound levels exceeding those listed in Table D-2, feasible* administrative or engineering controls must first be utilized. If such controls fail to reduce sound levels within the levels of the table (D-2), ear protective devices must be provided and used.
108.108 Engineering & Administrative Controls for Noise Enclosures (operator cabs) Routine maintenance on tools and equipment. Lubrication to reduce friction. Acoustical enclosures & sound absorbing materials. Use rubber mallets to erect and dismantle scaffolding and formwork. Rotate workers Post warning signs. Train all employees on how to properly wear hearing protective devices.
109.109
110.110
111.111
112.112 Hearing Conservation Program Monitoring of employee noise exposures. Engineering, work practice, and administrative controls. Signs and barriers to warn workers of high noise levels). Individually fitted hearing protector. Employee training and education. Baseline and annual audiometry. Procedures for preventing further occupational hearing loss. Recording Keeping
113.113
114.114 Recommendations for Protecting Hearing… Know your hazard. Trust the annual audiogram. Select hearing protection that is right for you. Wear your hearing protection right. To test the fit, cup your hands over your ears, then release.
115.115 Noise Reduction Rating (NRR) A hearing protector's ability to reduce noise. The greater the NRR, the better the noise reduction. Listed on the hearing protector box. Noise Reduction Rating 29 DECIBELS (When used as directed) THE RANGE OF NOISE REDUCTION RATINGS FOR EXISTING HEARING PROTECTORS IS APPROXIMATELY 0 TO 30 (HIGHER NUMBERS DENOTE GREATER EFFECTIVENESS) NMC Company Model Earplug
116.116 Proposed Noise Reduction Rating (NRR) Minimally trained users (the lower number) vs. Highly motivated, trained users (the higher number). Reflects A-weighted attenuation – no adjustment necessary. NRR Noise Reduction Rating 0 10 20 30 40 50 21 Possible for most individually trained users to achieve or exceed 34 Possible for a few motivated proficient users to achieve or exceed Noise Reduction (dB) When Worn As Directed
117.117 OSHA NRR Adjustment Calculation For example… Ear plugs with a listed NRR of 29… 29 – 7 = 22 Noise Reduction Rating 29 DECIBELS (When used as directed) THE RANGE OF NOISE REDUCTION RATINGS FOR EXISTING HEARING PROTECTORS IS APPROXIMATELY 0 TO 30 (HIGHER NUMBERS DENOTE GREATER EFFECTIVENESS) NMC Company Model Earplug NRR – 7
118.118 NIOSH NRR Adjustment Calculation
119.119 Dual Hearing Protection Formable Ear Plugs Listed NRR = 29 Adjusted NRR (29 – 7) = 22 Earmuffs Listed NRR = 16 Adjusted NRR for Dual Protection = 5 + 5 = 27 (Dual Protection NRR) 22 (Adjusted NRR)
120.120 Dual Hearing Protection WARNING! Make sure that any plugs used with double protection do not have a cord; it will interfere with the fit of the earmuffs and not provide added protection.
121.121 Cumulative Trauma Disorders (CTDs) Repetitive motions Forceful exertions Awkward postures Static postures Mechanical compression of soft tissues Fast movement Vibration Lack of sufficient recovery
122.122 Cumulative Trauma Disorders (CTDs) NIOSH/Steve Clark/elcoshimages.org
123.123 Cumulative Trauma Disorders (CTDs)
124.124 Cumulative Trauma Disorders (CTDs)
125.125 Cumulative Trauma Disorders (CTDs)
126.126 Cumulative Trauma Disorders (CTDs) Tendonitis Carpal tunnel syndrome (CTS) Rotator cuff tendonitis Tennis elbow Golfer’s elbow Thoracic outlet syndrome Raynaud’s syndrome Trigger finger
127.127 Preventing CTDs Hand tools with smooth, rounded edges and long handles. Job layout - Tools, parts, and equipment should be easy to reach. Job rotation or reassignment. Regular breaks Adjusting physical factors in the work environment. The ability to stretch and move around.
128.128 Ergonomics Study of fitting the job to the person… Fits your hand. Allows a good grip. Takes less effort. Does not require you to work in an awkward position. Does not dig into your fingers or hand. Comfortable and effective. Paladin Tools 1300 Series Ergonomically-designed handles for effortless operation.
129.129 Pre-Work Stretch & FlexTrunk & Low Back
130.130 Pre-Work Stretch & FlexLegs
131.131 Pre-Work Stretch & FlexUpper Body
132.132 Pre-Work Stretch & FlexForearm Stretch
133.133 Pre-Work Stretch & Flex Open Hand Stretch
134.134 Ionizing Radiation Alpha particles Beta particles Gamma rays X-Rays Symbol for Radiation
135.135 Stopped by a sheet of paper Stopped by a layer of clothing or by a few millimeters of a substance such as aluminum Stopped by several feet of concrete or a few inches of lead
136.136 Non-Ionizing Radiation Infrared Radiation (IR) Microwave (MW) & Radiofrequency (RF) Extremely Low Frequency (ELF) Symbol for Infrared Radiation (IR) Symbol for Microwave (MW) & Radio (RF) Symbol for Magnetic Field
137.137 Ultraviolet Radiation (UV) Welding & cutting creates radiant energy that must be protected against (see requirements for filter lens shade number).
138.138 Ultraviolet Radiation (UV)
139.139 Ultraviolet Radiation (UV) NIOSH/John Rekus/elcoshimages.org Bad Work Practice – not wearing a shirt will result in sunburn and skin damage. Bad Work Practice – welder unprotected from ultraviolet radiation.
140.140 Melanoma Type of skin cancer. Leading cause of death from skin disease. Excessive exposure to sun light.
141.141 Protect Against UV Radiation Avoiding working in the sun. Wear protective clothing and (hats). Apply sunscreens
142.142 Biological Health Hazards Learning Goals: Be able to explain what a biological health hazard is and how construction workers might be exposed to these hazards. Define important terms used to describe biological hazards in the workplace. Overview the health effects of these hazards on the human body.
143.143 Important Terms Fungi (mold) Histoplasmosis Hantavirus Blood Borne Pathogens Universal Precautions HIV Hepatitis – HBV & HCV Rabies
144.144 Biological Health Hazards When working in health care facilities. Accumulation of animal waste and the presence of rodents, insects and birds. During demolition and remolding of old structures. During clearing operations and the removal of plants, trees and other foliage. Landscaping
145.145 Fungi (Mold) Molds are organized into three groups: Allergenic Pathogenic Toxigenic
146.146 How do Molds Affect the Body? Spores small enough to be airborne. Considered respirable. Produce toxic agents known as mycotoxins. Mold
147.147 Worker exposed to fungi (mold) – wearing personal protective equipment.
148.148 Histoplasmosis Disease caused by inhaling the spores of a fungus called Histoplasma capsulatum (H. capsulatum). Fungus seems to grow best in soils having high nitrogen content, especially those enriched with bird manure or bat droppings. My droppings can make you sick!
149.149 Hantavirus Pulmonary Syndrome Disease spread by rodents that is similar to the flu. Virus is in urine and feces.
150.150 Respiratory Protection for Exposures to Fungi (Mold) Avoid breathing in mold or mold spores! Approved Filtering Facepiece Respirator (Disposable) – any combination of N, R & P with efficiency 95, 99 or 100. Half Mask, Elastomeric, Air Purifying Respirator – any combination of N, R & P with efficiency 95, 99 or 100.
151.151 Bloodborne Pathogens Hepatitis B Virus (HBV) Hepatitis C Virus (HCV) Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) Symbol for Bloodborne Pathogen
152.152 How Bloodborne Pathogens are Spread For an infection to occur, all four conditions must be present. Present Route of Entry Susceptible Quantity
153.153 Universal Precautions Concept of bloodborne disease control which requires that all human blood and fluids be treated as if known to be infectious. Protect yourself against bloodborne pathogens – always wear gloves.
154.154 Preventing Disease Frequent hand washing will help to prevent sickness and disease.
155.155 Poisonous Plants Poison Ivy Poison Oak Poison Sumac Others?
156.156 Poisonous & Infectious Animals Rabies What are, if any, the poisonous & infectious animals on your job-site?
157.157 Special Considerations for Construction Host Employer Controlling Contractor Sub-Contractors Remember… Cheap is good, until someone gets hurt!
158.158 Questions?

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