Jackson to Gold rush 3

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  • 1.THE JACKSON PRESIDENCY AND JACKSONIAN DEMOCRACY
  • 2.1828 ushered in the beginning of the modern political party system H/O
  • 3.Jackson had been denied the presidency in 1824 despite winning a plurality of the vote He put together a support network
  • 4.coalition of state political organizations, newspaper publishers, and other community leaders
  • 5.That group became the present-day Democratic party
  • 6.Jackson accused Adams of being a corrupt career politician, while Adams accused Jackson of being a stupid and violent drunkard
  • 7.The modern political campaign was born
  • 8.He dismissed numerous government -officials and replaced them with political supporters Trading jobs for political favors came to be known as the "spoils system." H/O
  • 9.Jacksonian democracy replaced Jeffersonian democracy
  • 10.Jefferson had conceived of a nation governed by middle- and upper-class educated property holders, in which the government would be only as large as absolutely necessary
  • 11.Jacksonian democracy was based on universal manhood suffrage, meaning the extension of voting rights to all white males, even those who did not own property
  • 12.A strong presidency also characterized Jacksonian democracy
  • 13.Jacksonian democracy is not a coherent vision of how a government should function
  • 14.Strongest support came from the western frontier states Jackson accordingly pursued an aggressive Indian removal program
  • 15.The Supreme Court had protected Native American rights to their land in Cherokee Nation v. Georgia and Worcester v. Georgia
  • 16.Jackson forcibly evicted tribes Removal Act of 1830 set in motion the events that resulted in the Trail of Tears
  • 17.Jackson wanted to “downsize” the federal government.
  • 18.He saw to it that the Second Bank of the United States failed Deposited Federal funds in state banks
  • 19.Remember, Clay (the American System) had helped deny Jackson the presidency earlier
  • 20.Jackson put a halt to all programs associated with Clay's American System
  • 21.made extensive use of the presidential veto
  • 22.One of the major issues of Jackson's presidency focused on nullification
  • 23. Individual states have the right to disobey federal laws if they find them unconstitutional
  • 24.View expressed by Jefferson and Madison in the Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions
  • 25.Tariff of 1828 also known as the Tariff of Abominations
  • 26.Became a national crisis during Jackson's administration Some states started to consider nullifying the tariff in 1830
  • 27.1830 nullification movement failed Laid the groundwork for opposition to the Tariff of 1832, which South Carolina nullified
  • 28.Compromise Tariff (1833) agreed to reduce tariff gradually over time (1842) but gave president power to employ troops to collect from the states.
  • 29.Jackson threatened to call in troops crisis subsided with the compromise However ……..
  • 30. it would continue to be an issue until the War Between the States
  • 31.Jackson's economic policies demonstrated his distrust of both big government and Northeastern power brokers
  • 32.Political expediency seemed to affect Jackson’s efforts (just as they had Calhoun’s).
  • 33.(He may not have wanted BIG government, but he did want POWERFUL Presidency.)
  • 34.suspicious of paper money Specie Circular ended the policy of selling government land on credit (buyers now had to pay "hard cash")
  • 35.… caused a money shortage, a sharp decrease in the treasury, and overall economic hardship
  • 36.Slavery H/O Civil War – Road to War H/O
  • 37.controversial issue during Jackson's tenure
  • 38.South experienced several slave revolts Nat Turner's Rebellion
  • 39.Turner had a vision and took this vision as a sign from God that a black liberation movement would succeed
  • 40.rallied a gang that proceeded to kill and then mutilate the corpses of sixty whites
  • 41.In retaliation, 200 slaves were executed States passed a series of restrictive laws, known as black codes, prohibiting blacks from congregating and learning to read
  • 42.THE ELECTION OF 1836 AND THE RISE OF THE WHIGS
  • 43.Jackson's Democratic party could not represent the interests of all its constituencies Northern abolitionists, Southern plantation owners, Western pioneers
  • 44.Opposition party, the Whigs, was formed … loose coalition that shared opposition to one or more of the Democrats' policies 1834
  • 45.Whigs believed in government activism -- supported the temperance movement and enforcement of the Sabbath (Sunday Blue Laws)
  • 46.1836, Jackson supported his second vice-president, democrat Martin Van Buren, who …
  • 47.had the misfortune to take over the presidency just as the country entered a major economic crisis (Panic of 1837)
  • 48.Van Buren made the situation worse by continuing Jackson's policy of favoring hard currency Downturn lasted through Van Buren's term
  • 49.1841, former military hero William Henry Harrison became the first Whig president He died of pneumonia a month after taking office
  • 50.John Tyler, a former Democrat, assumed the presidency … began championing states' rights … much to his own party's chagrin
  • 51.He alienated Whig leadership … referred to as the "president without a party" his presidency lasted only one term
  • 52.ECONOMIC HISTORY, 1800-1860
  • 53.BEGINNINGS OF A MARKET ECONOMY
  • 54.Market economy: people trade their labor or goods for cash, which they then use to buy other people's labor or goods
  • 55.From the time the first settlers arrived most people made their own clothing and built their own furniture and homes
  • 56.Developments in manufacturing and transportation changed all that. Made it possible to mass produce goods and transport them across country cheaply
  • 57.Market economies favor those who specialize Market economies grow more quickly and provide more services than subsistence economies
  • 58.They also make people more interdependent
  • 59.They are also much more prone to change (see panics of 1819 and 1837) Changes are referred to as boom-and-bust cycles
  • 60.War of 1812 and the events leading up to it forced the United States to become less dependent on imports
  • 61.The cotton gin, invented in 1793, revolutionized Southern agriculture Now easier and cheaper to use cotton Tell about RI woman’s input.
  • 62.Demand for cotton grew Spread of cotton as the region's chief crop also intensified the South's dependence on slave labor
  • 63.Whitney's second innovation was the use of interchangeable parts in manufacturing
  • 64.Interchangeable parts gave birth to the machine-tool industry Whitney's advances helped promote assembly line production
  • 65.THE NORTH AND THE TEXTILE INDUSTRY Machine technology, coupled with a U.S. embargo on British goods prior to and during the War of 1812 (England was then America's chief source of textiles), spurred the development of textile mills in New England
  • 66.mills produced thread and hired local women to spin the thread into cloth at home
  • 67.Invention of the first power loom in 1813 meant that textile manufacturers could produce both thread and finished fabric
  • 68.Women who had previously woven their own fabrics at home started to buy cloth
  • 69.Growth of the textile industry resulted in a shortage of labor in New England
  • 70.Manufacturers had to "sweeten the pot" to entice laborers almost all of whom were women from nearby farms
  • 71.The Lowell system also called the Waltham system
  • 72.Guaranteed employees housing in a respectable, chaperoned boardinghouse, cash wages, and participation in cultural and social events organized by the mill
  • 73.lasted until great waves of Irish immigration in the 1840s and 1850s made factory labor plentiful
  • 74.Working conditions started to deteriorate workers began to organize labor unions
  • 75.Early unions in the mid-1800s met with strong, frequently violent opposition Still, they succeeded in shortening the typical workday to ten hours
  • 76.They also got the courts to confirm their right to organize
  • 77.TRANSPORTATION: CANALS, RAILROADS, HIGHWAYS, AND STEAMSHIPS
  • 78.Prior to the 1820s, travel and shipping along east-west routes was difficult The construction of the National Road from Maryland to West Virginia (and ultimately to central Ohio) made east-west travel easier
  • 79.Big change came with the completion of the Erie Canal in 1825 Linked the Great Lakes region to New York
  • 80.It became lucrative for a Midwestern merchant or farmer to sell his products to Eastern buyers, and as a result the Northeast soon established itself as the United States' center of commerce
  • 81.During the 1830s thousands of miles of canals were constructed
  • 82.Meanwhile, the railroads developed By 1850, the canal era had ended
  • 83.Steamships became important freight carriers and replaced sailing ships for long sea voyages By 1850 passengers could travel by steamship from New York to England in ten days
  • 84.America's first railroads were built during the 1830s but rail development proceeded slowly due to varying gauges (width between tracks)
  • 85.Government often paid the bill for conversion to common gauge By 1853, New York and Chicago were linked
  • 86.Southern rail development was much slower, and superior rails gave the North a huge advantage during the Civil War
  • 87.The invention of the telegraph allowed immediate long-distance communication
  • 88.Developments in transportation and communication during the first half of the nineteenth century revolutionized American commerce and culture.
  • 89.FARMING The most common profession throughout the first half of the nineteenth century
  • 90.Many machines came into common use during this time mechanical plow, sower, reaper, thresher, baler, and cotton gin
  • 91.Market economy changed farming. In 1820 about one-third of all the food grown in the U.S. went to market.
  • 92.Farming in the Northeast was becoming less profitable. Rocky, hilly terrain was unsuitable to many of the machines that were making farming on the plains easier and cheaper
  • 93.Some New England farmers quit cultivating grain and started raising livestock and growing fruits and vegetables. Others quit farming entirely and headed to the cities to take manufacturing jobs.
  • 94.Midwestern farms-much larger than New England farms-were also much more adaptable to the new technology that allowed farmers to nearly double production
  • 95.In the South, plantations focused primarily on cotton, especially in the Deep South; tobacco continued to be a major cash crop in the Upper South
  • 96.Majority of Southerners were small farmers who did not own slaves. (In 1860 approximately one-quarter of white Southern families owned slaves.)
  • 97.WESTWARD EXPANSION Louisiana Purchase removed one major obstacle to U.S. western settlement, and the resolution of the War of 1812 removed another by depriving Native Americans of a powerful ally in Great Britain
  • 98.America's manifest destiny God-given right to the Western territories
  • 99.Some argued that Canada and Mexico eventually would be annexed by the United States
  • 100.When Mexico declared its independence from Spain in 1821, the new country included what is now Texas Mexico wanted settlers for its territories
  • 101.The Mexican government established liberal land policies to entice settlers, and tens of thousands of Americans flooded the region
  • 102.Settlers were supposed to become Mexican citizens Instead, they ignored Mexican law, including-and especially-the one prohibiting slavery
  • 103.settlers declared independence from Mexico Battle at the Alamo was fought (1836)
  • 104.Texas was an independent country called the Republic of Texas Texas was not admitted to the Union until 1845 (slavery)
  • 105.By the late 1840s those heading along the Oregon Trail had a new destination-California 1848 the discovery of gold in the California mountains set off the Gold Rush
  • 106.More than 100,000 people went to the Golden State in just two years Most did NOT get rich, but …
  • 107.Many prospectors-settled the area after discovering that it was very hospitable to agriculture
  • 108.Pacific Ocean allowed major cities such as San Francisco to develop as important trade centers.
  • 109.